Th THUNDERBIRDTM SYBR qPCRH Mix (TOYOBO CO, LTD, Osaka, Japan) by using specific primers for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), GRP78, ORP150, CHOP, xCT, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and b-actin. The comparative Ct method was used for data analyses with MxPro 4.10 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Values for each gene were normalized to b-actin expression levels.inhibitor Western Blotting and ELISABrain samples from the ventral midbrain or CPu were solubilized in buffer containing 1 NP40, 0.1 SDS, and 0.2 deoxycholate, and subjected to Western blotting with following antibodies: BDNF (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA), GRP78 (StressGen, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada), HO-1 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), xCT (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL), GLT-1 (Millipore, Temecula, CA), LIF (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), GFAP (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and b-actin (Sigma). Primary antibody binding was visualized using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibodies or the ECL system (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, NJ). IL-6 levels in the brain samples were measured using ELISA (eBioscience, 
San Diego CA).Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll animal care and handling procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Kanazawa University (No. 71241-1).Histological and Immunohistochemical AnalysesBrains were removed from mice after perfusion with 4 paraformaldehyde, and postfixed in the same fixative for 4 hours at 4uC. After cryoprotected in 30 sucrose, brains were cut in serial coronal 10 mm-thick sections containing the CPu (from Bregma+1.34 mm to Bregma+0.26 mm) and the midbrain covering the whole SNpc (from Bregma-2.80 mm to Bregma-3.80 mm) on a cryostat, and mounted in series on ten slides (around ten sections were mounted on each slide). One out of these ten slides, representing a set of sections 100 mm apart, were processed for immunohistochemistry, and the negative control, in which the primary antibody was omitted, was performed in parallel with each procedure. Primary antibodies used were; anti-TH (Sigma), anti-GRP78, anti-HO-1, anti-GLT-1, anti-Ubiquitin (StressGen), anti-cleaved caspase 3 (Cell 1081537 Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), anti-BDNF, anti-GFAP, anti-Iba1. In some cases, the cell nucleus was visualized with DAPI (Sigma), and Cresyl violet (Sigma) was used for counterstaining. Appropriate Alexa Fluor 488, Cy3conjugated IgG or peroxidase-conjugated IgG was used as a secondary antibody. Confocal images were obtained by using Nikkon EZ-C1. In the process of apoptosis, cleaved caspase 3 was observed both in the cytosol and nucleus. Expression of GRP78, ORP150, HO-1, and BDNF was immunohistochemically detected mainly in the cell body of neurons and/or astrocytes, and that of GLT-1 was detected in the process of astrocytes.MaterialsMPTP and Cremophore EL were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Probenecid and dimethy sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Wako Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). The UPRactivating compound tangeretin 16574785 (IN19) was isolated as described Autophagy previously [13].Mice and Chronic MPTP/P Injection PD ModelATF6a 2/2 mice were generated as described previously [14], and backcrossed to the C57BL/6 strain more than 8 times. Wildtype and ATF6a 2/2 male mice (aged 12?5 weeks and weighing 26?0 g) were used for the experiments. The chronic MPTP/P injection PD model was created as described previously with some modifications. In.Th THUNDERBIRDTM SYBR qPCRH Mix (TOYOBO CO, LTD, Osaka, Japan) by using specific primers for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), GRP78, ORP150, CHOP, xCT, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and b-actin. The comparative Ct method was used for data analyses with MxPro 4.10 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Values for each gene were normalized to b-actin expression levels.Western Blotting and ELISABrain samples from the ventral midbrain or CPu were solubilized in buffer containing 1 NP40, 0.1 SDS, and 0.2 deoxycholate, and subjected to Western blotting with following antibodies: BDNF (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA), GRP78 (StressGen, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada), HO-1 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), xCT (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL), GLT-1 (Millipore, Temecula, CA), LIF (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), GFAP (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and b-actin (Sigma). Primary antibody binding was visualized using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibodies or the ECL system (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, NJ). IL-6 levels in the brain samples were measured using ELISA (eBioscience, San Diego CA).Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll animal care and handling procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Kanazawa University (No. 71241-1).Histological and Immunohistochemical AnalysesBrains were removed from mice after perfusion with 4 paraformaldehyde, and postfixed in the same fixative for 4 hours at 4uC. After cryoprotected in 30 sucrose, brains were cut in serial coronal 10 mm-thick sections containing the CPu (from Bregma+1.34 mm to Bregma+0.26 mm) and the midbrain covering the whole SNpc (from Bregma-2.80 mm to Bregma-3.80 mm) on a cryostat, and mounted in series on ten slides (around ten sections were mounted on each slide). One out of these ten slides, representing a set of sections 100 mm apart, were processed for immunohistochemistry, and the negative control, in which the primary antibody was omitted, was performed in parallel with each procedure. Primary antibodies used were; anti-TH (Sigma), anti-GRP78, anti-HO-1, anti-GLT-1, anti-Ubiquitin (StressGen), anti-cleaved caspase 3 (Cell 1081537 Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), anti-BDNF, anti-GFAP, anti-Iba1. In some cases, the cell nucleus was visualized with DAPI (Sigma), and Cresyl violet (Sigma) was used for counterstaining. Appropriate Alexa Fluor 488, Cy3conjugated IgG or peroxidase-conjugated IgG was used as a secondary antibody. Confocal images were obtained by using Nikkon EZ-C1. In the process of apoptosis, cleaved caspase 3 was observed both in the cytosol and nucleus. Expression of GRP78, ORP150, HO-1, and BDNF was immunohistochemically detected mainly in the cell body of neurons and/or astrocytes, and that of GLT-1 was detected in the process of astrocytes.MaterialsMPTP and Cremophore EL were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Probenecid and dimethy sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Wako 
Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). The UPRactivating compound tangeretin 16574785 (IN19) was isolated as described previously [13].Mice and Chronic MPTP/P Injection PD ModelATF6a 2/2 mice were generated as described previously [14], and backcrossed to the C57BL/6 strain more than 8 times. Wildtype and ATF6a 2/2 male mice (aged 12?5 weeks and weighing 26?0 g) were used for the experiments. The chronic MPTP/P injection PD model was created as described previously with some modifications. In.