D alveolar macrophages using Nuclear Extract Kit (Active Motif, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and NF-kB DNA 56-59-7 site binding activity was measured by EMSA as described [13]. Briefly, nuclear proteins were incubated with [32p] abeled double-stranded NF-kB consensus probe (Promega) at room temperature for 30 min. DNA rotein complexes were resolved on 4 polyacrylamide gels equilibrated in 0.56 TBE under 300V. Gels were dried and exposed to Hyperfilm ECL (Amersham Bioscience) at 280uC and developed using Kodak film (Eastman Kodak, 1676428 Rochester, N.Y., USA).Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BALF) Leukocyte Counts and Alveolar Macrophages IsolationBALF was determined as described previously [14]. Percentages of leukocyte subpopulations were determined by counting 100 JI-101 leukocytes in a randomly selected portion of the cytospin slide. The total number of leukocytes in the BALF was determined by using a hemocytometer (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL, USA). Alveolar macrophages were isolated for EMSA as previously described [15]. Briefly, the BALF was seed in DMEM and maintained in cell culture dish. Cells were incubated at 37uC in humidified air with 5 CO2 for 1 hour. The dish then was washed 3 times with PBS, and the adherent cells, predominantly macrophages, were collected for nuclear protein extract.Cytokines ELISA AssayBALF samples were prepared as described above. TNFa, IL-6, and KC were measured by commercially available sandwich-type ELISA (R D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), following the manufactures’ instructions.CDA-2 Inhibits Lung Cancer DevelopmentFigure 5. CDA-2 decreases pulmonary inflammation. Induction of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA in homogenates of 3 or 5 days 2000 mg/kg CDA-2 (A) or 800 mg/kg PG (B) treated lungs was measured by real time PCR. Results are means 6 SEM, n = 5, significant difference,*p,0.05. Concentration of inflammatory cytokines in BALF of 3 or 5 days 2000 mg/kg CDA-2 (C) or 800 mg/kg PG (D) treated mice was evaluated by ELISA. Results are means 6 SEM, n = 5, significant difference,*p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052117.gMouse Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages (BMDMs) Isolation and Luciferase Reporter AssayCells from the bone marrow of C57BL6 mice were cultured in DMEMs medium (10 FCS) supplemented with 10 ng/ml recombinant mouse M-CSF (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) for 7 days to allow differentiation to macrophages. Adenoviral constructs encoding the full-length of cDNA TLR2 were created using the AdEasy system as previously described [16,17]. The NFkB luciferase adenovirus plasmid pNF-kB-Leu (BD Clontech) containing multiple copies of NF-kB consensus sequence to monitor NF-kB activation. BMDMs (16105 per 
well of 12-well plates) were infected with the TLR2 adenoviral plasmids and control plasmids, after 5 hours, cells were infected again with luciferase adenovirus plasmid pNF-kB-Leu. Followed by 24 hours incubation, the infected cells were stimulated for 24 hours with LLC-CM or/and CDA-2, and then were lysed and luciferase reporter gene activity was determined by the Luciferase Reporter assay (Promega, Madison, WI, USA).LLC Conditioned MediumConditioned medium was collected from LLC cells incubated in serum-free DMEM (SFM) for 24 h, and filtered through a 0.2 mm filter. Conditioned medium samples were added to BMDMs for 24 h, after which TLRs genes expression were assayed.RNA Isolation and Real-time PCRTotal lung tissue and BMDMs RNA were prepared with RNeasy plus mini kit (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, CA, USA) according to manufactur.D alveolar macrophages using Nuclear Extract Kit (Active Motif, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and NF-kB DNA binding activity was measured by EMSA as described [13]. Briefly, nuclear proteins were incubated with [32p] abeled double-stranded NF-kB consensus probe (Promega) at room temperature for 30 min. DNA rotein complexes were resolved on 4 polyacrylamide gels equilibrated in 0.56 TBE under 300V. Gels were dried and exposed to Hyperfilm ECL (Amersham Bioscience) at 280uC and developed using Kodak film (Eastman Kodak, 1676428 Rochester, N.Y., USA).Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BALF) Leukocyte Counts and Alveolar Macrophages IsolationBALF was determined as described previously [14]. Percentages of leukocyte subpopulations were determined by counting 100 leukocytes in a randomly selected portion of the cytospin slide. The total number of leukocytes in the BALF was determined by using a hemocytometer (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL, USA). Alveolar macrophages were isolated for EMSA as previously described [15]. Briefly, the BALF was seed in DMEM and maintained in cell culture dish. Cells were incubated at 37uC in humidified air with 5 CO2 for 1 hour. The dish then was washed 3 times with PBS, and the adherent cells, predominantly macrophages, were collected for nuclear protein extract.Cytokines ELISA AssayBALF samples were prepared as described above. TNFa, IL-6, and KC were measured by commercially available sandwich-type ELISA (R D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), following the manufactures’ instructions.CDA-2 Inhibits Lung Cancer DevelopmentFigure 5. CDA-2 decreases pulmonary inflammation. Induction of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA in homogenates of 3 or 5 days 2000 mg/kg CDA-2 (A) or 800 mg/kg PG (B) treated lungs was measured by real time PCR. Results are means 6 SEM, n = 5, significant difference,*p,0.05. Concentration of inflammatory cytokines in BALF of 3 or 5 days 2000 mg/kg CDA-2 (C) or 800 mg/kg PG (D) treated mice was evaluated by ELISA. Results are means 6 SEM, n = 5, significant difference,*p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052117.gMouse Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages (BMDMs) Isolation and Luciferase Reporter AssayCells from the bone marrow of C57BL6 mice were cultured in DMEMs medium (10 FCS) supplemented with 10 ng/ml recombinant mouse M-CSF (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) for 7 days to allow differentiation to macrophages. Adenoviral constructs encoding the full-length of cDNA TLR2 were created using the AdEasy system as previously described [16,17]. The NFkB luciferase adenovirus plasmid pNF-kB-Leu (BD Clontech) containing multiple copies of NF-kB consensus sequence to monitor NF-kB activation. BMDMs (16105 per well of 12-well plates) were infected with the TLR2 adenoviral plasmids and control plasmids, after 5 hours, cells were infected again with luciferase adenovirus plasmid pNF-kB-Leu. Followed by 24 hours incubation, the infected cells were stimulated for 24 hours with LLC-CM or/and CDA-2, and then were lysed and luciferase reporter gene activity was determined by the Luciferase Reporter assay (Promega, Madison, WI, USA).LLC Conditioned MediumConditioned medium was collected 
from LLC cells incubated in serum-free DMEM (SFM) for 24 h, and filtered through a 0.2 mm filter. Conditioned medium samples were added to BMDMs for 24 h, after which TLRs genes expression were assayed.RNA Isolation and Real-time PCRTotal lung tissue and BMDMs RNA were prepared with RNeasy plus mini kit (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, CA, USA) according to manufactur.