UC, 10 min. at 95uC, followed by 45 cycles of 15 s at 95uC and 1 min. at 60uC. Results were analyzed with the SDS 7900 system software, version 2.1 (AppliedBiosystems). The mRNA expression Salmon calcitonin levels were calculated from normalized delta Ct (DCt) values. Ct values correspond to the cycle number at which the fluorescence due to enrichment of the PCR product reaches significant levels above the background fluorescence (threshold). In this analysis, the Ct value for the housekeeping gene (GAPDH) is subtracted from the Ct value of the target gene. For vaginal lavage samples, the target cytokine 25033180 mRNA levels in a sample are expressed as the fold increase relative to the GAPDH mRNA levels in the same sample. Also note thatCervicovaginal Inflammation in Rhesus MacaquesFigure 3. Network of statistical correlations between mRNA levels of immune mediators. After unbiased analysis of potential associations between the levels of every mRNA levels measured using a Spearman’s correlation function there was a limited network of strong (.0.7) correlations between mRNA levels of A) 3 cytokine/chemokines at Time point 1; B) 3 cytokines/chemokines; and 2 Interferon-stimulated genes at Time point 2. C) networks of strong correlations that existed at both Time 1 and Time 2. Blue circles indicate host gene mRNA levels. The lines indicate a positive correlation between the parameters in the circles and the width of the line is proportional to the strength of the correlation. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052992.gamount of RNA extracted from some samples was insufficient for analysis of every host target gene.Primer/probeSequences for PKR, RIG-I, IL-17, VISA 29,59 oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), Mx, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10; CXCL10), TNF-a, IL-6, IL-12, monokine-induced by gamma (MIG), MIP-1a, MIP-1b and IFN-gamma have been published previously [23?6]. The primer/probe sequences for IFN-alpha were based on the human IFN-alpha 2 gene, Genbank accession number Y11834 [26]. These genes were selected because innate immune responses to bacteria through TLR2 induce the expression of interferons and interferon-stimulated gene products or because they are prototypical mediators of inflammation.matory cytokine and chemokine kits (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA) designed for use with human samples. All samples were tested in 23727046 duplicates, and data were analyzed using FCAP array software (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA). Note that the volume of some CVS samples was insufficient for analysis of every cytokine/chemokine.Sample Processing and Multitag Pyrosequencing to Characterize the Vaginal MicrobioataThe methods for DNA isolation and multitag pyrosequencing have been previously described [21,22]. Briefly, bar-coded primer sets each containing the 27F and 355R 16S rRNA gene primers were used. On the first run with 29 macaque samples, the average number of sequences per sample was 3968 (range 1253?490) while on the second run with 
35 samples, the average number of sequences per sample was 3392 (range 1140?901). Only forward reads were used to identify bacteria using the Bayesian Classifier provided by the Ribosomal Database II Project (RDP 10). The volume of some CVS samples was insufficient for conducting this analysis.Quantitation of Cytokines and Chemokines in CVSThe concentration of the inflammatory mediators IL12p70, TNF-a, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-8, 374913-63-0 chemical information CXCL10, CXCL8, CCL5, CXCL9, CCL2 in CVS samples collected at Time point 2 were determined using commercial flow cyt.UC, 10 min. at 95uC, followed by 45 cycles of 15 s at 95uC and 1 min. at 60uC. Results were analyzed with the SDS 7900 system software, version 2.1 (AppliedBiosystems). The mRNA expression levels were calculated from normalized delta Ct (DCt) values. Ct values correspond to the cycle number at which the fluorescence due to enrichment of the PCR product reaches significant levels above the background fluorescence (threshold). In this analysis, the Ct value for the housekeeping gene (GAPDH) is subtracted from the Ct value of the target gene. For vaginal lavage samples, the target cytokine 25033180 mRNA levels in a sample are expressed as the fold increase relative to the GAPDH mRNA levels in the same sample. Also note thatCervicovaginal Inflammation in Rhesus MacaquesFigure 3. Network of statistical correlations between mRNA levels of immune mediators. After unbiased analysis of potential associations between the levels of every mRNA levels measured using a Spearman’s correlation function there was a limited network of strong (.0.7) correlations between mRNA levels of A) 3 cytokine/chemokines at Time point 1; B) 3 cytokines/chemokines; and 2 Interferon-stimulated genes at Time point 2. C) networks of strong correlations that existed at both Time 1 and Time 2. Blue circles indicate host gene mRNA levels. The lines indicate a positive correlation between the parameters in the circles and the width of the line is proportional to the strength of the correlation. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052992.gamount of RNA extracted from some samples was insufficient for analysis of every host target gene.Primer/probeSequences for PKR, RIG-I, IL-17, VISA 29,59 oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), Mx, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10; CXCL10), TNF-a, IL-6, IL-12, monokine-induced by gamma (MIG), MIP-1a, MIP-1b and IFN-gamma have been published previously [23?6]. The primer/probe sequences for IFN-alpha were based on the human IFN-alpha 2 gene, Genbank accession number Y11834 
[26]. These genes were selected because innate immune responses to bacteria through TLR2 induce the expression of interferons and interferon-stimulated gene products or because they are prototypical mediators of inflammation.matory cytokine and chemokine kits (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA) designed for use with human samples. All samples were tested in 23727046 duplicates, and data were analyzed using FCAP array software (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA). Note that the volume of some CVS samples was insufficient for analysis of every cytokine/chemokine.Sample Processing and Multitag Pyrosequencing to Characterize the Vaginal MicrobioataThe methods for DNA isolation and multitag pyrosequencing have been previously described [21,22]. Briefly, bar-coded primer sets each containing the 27F and 355R 16S rRNA gene primers were used. On the first run with 29 macaque samples, the average number of sequences per sample was 3968 (range 1253?490) while on the second run with 35 samples, the average number of sequences per sample was 3392 (range 1140?901). Only forward reads were used to identify bacteria using the Bayesian Classifier provided by the Ribosomal Database II Project (RDP 10). The volume of some CVS samples was insufficient for conducting this analysis.Quantitation of Cytokines and Chemokines in CVSThe concentration of the inflammatory mediators IL12p70, TNF-a, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-8, CXCL10, CXCL8, CCL5, CXCL9, CCL2 in CVS samples collected at Time point 2 were determined using commercial flow cyt.