He control group, AP serum stimulated the pepsin secretion and acid output in the isolated rat stomach (P,0.05). The intervention of CB1/2 receptor agonist HU210 attenuated the AP serum-induced changes of pepsin secretion and acid output (P,0.05), while the receptor antagonist AM251 failed to exhibit obvious effect on these two parameters.Effects of cannabinoids on the levels of IL-6 and KC in the gastric SR-3029 price venous effluent of rats. After the rats received the Effects of cannabinoids on pepsin activity and [H+] in the gastric lumen effluent. The effects of the agents HU210 andtreatment of 25033180 the AP serum, IL-6 and KC levels significantly elevated in the venous effluent from the isolated rat stomach; HU210 reversed the IL-6 and KC changes induced by serum of AP rats (P,0.05), while AM251 had no detectable impact on the levels of the cytokine and chemokine in the venous effluent (Fig. 8).DiscussionIn clinic, the patients with acute pancreatitis, especially with severe acute pancreatitis, often suffer 
AGML or stress ulcer, a common complication of AP. The causative factors for stomach injury include, but not limited to, the stress from the inflammatory stimulation which can induce the activation of the locus ceruleusnorepinephrine/sympathetic-adrenal medulla system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal Pentagastrin cost cortex system. The secretive increases of catecholamines and glucocorticoid hormones are the most important factors of body stress, for these components provoke gastric acid hyper-secretion and blood-flow shifting that cause gastrointestinal mucosal ischemia. Importantly, the ischemiaFigure 2. Morphological changes of the isolated stomach from rats with or without experimental acute pancreatitis. (A) Stomach from a control rat. (B) Stomach from an AP rat, showing severe edema and hemorrhages on the gastric antrum (arrowheads). (C) A representative tissue section of the stomach of a control rat, and (D) A representative tissue section of the stomach of an AP rat (hematoxylin and eosin staining, with original magnification 6100; the scale bar = 100 mm). The hemorrhages and mucosal erosions were observed and marked with arrowheads. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.gCannabinoid HU210; Protective Effect on Rat StomachTable 1. The differentially expressed genes in the pancreas of the rats with acute pancreatitis.Gene title Trypsin IV precursor Heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 Interleukin 6 signal transducer Interleukin 1 receptor, type II Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12a Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2,(Janus kinase 2) MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.tGene symbol Pretrypsinogen IV Hspb1 Il6st Il1r2 Tnfrsf12a JAK-2 Mapkapk3 ItpkcGenbank ID X15679 DV717311 AY310138 Z22812 NM_181086 U13396 XM_576467 AJFold change 4.63 10.58 2.74 20.90 15.92 2.04 3.84 50.sequentially downgrades the ability of the gastric mucosa to dispose of back-diffusing acid, resulting in a decrease of intramural pH and activation of protease, and subsequent ulceration [3,4,23]. Other mechanisms, including oxygen-derived free radicals and some uncertain factors, also play roles in the gastrointestinal injury related with acute pancreatitis. Previous investigations have found that AP plasma and APrelated ascitic fluid contain a large amount of toxic substances which are harmful to the body [5,6,8], causing the damage of the liver, kidney, lung and circulatory system, and 
gastrointestinal dysfunct.He control group, AP serum stimulated the pepsin secretion and acid output in the isolated rat stomach (P,0.05). The intervention of CB1/2 receptor agonist HU210 attenuated the AP serum-induced changes of pepsin secretion and acid output (P,0.05), while the receptor antagonist AM251 failed to exhibit obvious effect on these two parameters.Effects of cannabinoids on the levels of IL-6 and KC in the gastric venous effluent of rats. After the rats received the Effects of cannabinoids on pepsin activity and [H+] in the gastric lumen effluent. The effects of the agents HU210 andtreatment of 25033180 the AP serum, IL-6 and KC levels significantly elevated in the venous effluent from the isolated rat stomach; HU210 reversed the IL-6 and KC changes induced by serum of AP rats (P,0.05), while AM251 had no detectable impact on the levels of the cytokine and chemokine in the venous effluent (Fig. 8).DiscussionIn clinic, the patients with acute pancreatitis, especially with severe acute pancreatitis, often suffer AGML or stress ulcer, a common complication of AP. The causative factors for stomach injury include, but not limited to, the stress from the inflammatory stimulation which can induce the activation of the locus ceruleusnorepinephrine/sympathetic-adrenal medulla system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system. The secretive increases of catecholamines and glucocorticoid hormones are the most important factors of body stress, for these components provoke gastric acid hyper-secretion and blood-flow shifting that cause gastrointestinal mucosal ischemia. Importantly, the ischemiaFigure 2. Morphological changes of the isolated stomach from rats with or without experimental acute pancreatitis. (A) Stomach from a control rat. (B) Stomach from an AP rat, showing severe edema and hemorrhages on the gastric antrum (arrowheads). (C) A representative tissue section of the stomach of a control rat, and (D) A representative tissue section of the stomach of an AP rat (hematoxylin and eosin staining, with original magnification 6100; the scale bar = 100 mm). The hemorrhages and mucosal erosions were observed and marked with arrowheads. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.gCannabinoid HU210; Protective Effect on Rat StomachTable 1. The differentially expressed genes in the pancreas of the rats with acute pancreatitis.Gene title Trypsin IV precursor Heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 Interleukin 6 signal transducer Interleukin 1 receptor, type II Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12a Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2,(Janus kinase 2) MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.tGene symbol Pretrypsinogen IV Hspb1 Il6st Il1r2 Tnfrsf12a JAK-2 Mapkapk3 ItpkcGenbank ID X15679 DV717311 AY310138 Z22812 NM_181086 U13396 XM_576467 AJFold change 4.63 10.58 2.74 20.90 15.92 2.04 3.84 50.sequentially downgrades the ability of the gastric mucosa to dispose of back-diffusing acid, resulting in a decrease of intramural pH and activation of protease, and subsequent ulceration [3,4,23]. Other mechanisms, including oxygen-derived free radicals and some uncertain factors, also play roles in the gastrointestinal injury related with acute pancreatitis. Previous investigations have found that AP plasma and APrelated ascitic fluid contain a large amount of toxic substances which are harmful to the body [5,6,8], causing the damage of the liver, kidney, lung and circulatory system, and gastrointestinal dysfunct.