Ogs the pore throats, which causes Si-NPs [42]. The unstable Si-NF then precipitates and also the pore throats, which causes the pathway with the injectant to divert. the pathway on the injectant to divert. The injectant can then flow to push trapped oil from the unswept zone (Figure 1c). The injectant can then flow to push trapped oil in the unswept zone (Figure 1c). As such, the instability Si-NPs within a a saline environment is of your the challenges of As such, the instability ofof Si-NPs insaline atmosphere is one one ofchallenges of EOR EOR [43]. That is to state that there are nonetheless some unclarified queries answered, could [43]. This is to state that you will find nonetheless some unclarified questions that, ifthat, if answered, could boost the potential of NFs. contain, one example is, the interactions using the the strengthen the potential of NFs. TheseThese involve, for instance, the interactions withforElinogrel Autophagy formation rock, crude oil/brine/rock (COBR), as well as the interaction in the Si-NF in mation rock, crude oil/brine/rock (COBR), in addition to the interaction from the Si-NF within the the saline environment may possibly be be linked to transform of of Si-NF’s surface chemistry. saline environment thatthat mightlinked to the the changethethe Si-NF’s surface chemistry. The alter on the Si-NF’s surface chemistry The transform of your Si-NF’s surface chemistry may well result in a liquid iquid interaction (IFT between Si-NF and crude liquid olid interaction (Si-NF and porous media (IFT in between Si-NF and crude oil), liquid olid interaction (Si-NF and porous media in wettability alteration), and pore blockage on account of an instability with the Si-NF within the pore throat. Therefore, the present work investigates the contribution of the preflush Fluorometholone GPCR/G Protein salinity on the stability of the Si-NF and its implication to oil recovery. To attain the objective, we conduct a series of sand-pack flooding experiments with distinctive preflush salinity concentrations, followed by a Si-NF and postflush injection to evaluate the displacement efficiency. Furthermore, the chemistry in the effluent water is examined applying spectralEnergies 2021, 14,three ofanalyses. Finally, both the wettability and the IFT measurements have been carried out to study the effect of salinity inside the Si-NF. two. Supplies and Techniques two.1. Supplies 2.1.1. Nanoparticles Silica oxide nanoparticles (Si-NPs) were selected as the primary material to prepare the nanofluid. Si-NPs were bought from Tecnan (Tecnan, Las Acros, Spain). As per the supplier, Si-NPs have been a 99.9 pure white powder having a particle size ranging from ten to 15 nm and also a surface region ranging from 152 to 229 m2 /g. two.1.2. Reservoir Fluid The formation water (FW) was ready in-house from sodium chloride (NaCl), purchased from Junsei Chemical (Junsei Chemical, Tokyo, Japan); FW consists of 4 wt. NaCl. The candidate oil was a light Japanese crude oil (hereinafter LJO) sampled from a Japanese oilfield with a density of 0.860 g/cm3 and a viscosity of 9.54 cP. Each the density and also the viscosity from the candidate oil have been measured at space temperature. Moreover, LJO had an acidity quantity of 1.86 mg-KOH/g-oil measured as per ASTM D664 [44]. two.1.three. Porous Media Grinded Berea sandstone, with a particle size ranging from 60 to around 180 , modeled the formation rock, whose properties are outlined in Table 1.Table 1. Elemental composition on the model rock (in wt.). Silicon (Si) 71.7 Aluminum Calcium (Al) (Ca) eight.07 five.73 Potassium (K) 8.44 Sodium (Na) 0.62 Magnesium (Mg) 0.13 Iron (Fe).