Eedle beneath the rock segment and was allowed to stick on that surface for about five min. The image’s shape was captured 17 five of and processed utilizing an in-build computer software, plus the contact angle was recorded. The control experiments consisted in measuring the make contact with angle on an oil-free sandstone plate.two.2.4. Ceftiofur (hydrochloride) In stock sand-pack Flooding Experiments two.2.4. Sand-Pack Flooding Experiments A A made sand-pack (SP) method with length of of ten cm anddiameter of of 2.50 cm created sand-pack (SP) system using a a length ten cm and also a a diameter 2.50 cm made from a transparent acrylic tube was prepared (Figure three). created from a transparent acrylic tube was prepared (Figure 3).Figure 3. Schematic of sand-pack flooding experiment applied in this study. Figure 3. Schematic of sand-pack flooding experiment utilized in this study.The porous NSC-3114 site filters (diameter 40) have been placed each at the inlet and outlet in the The porous filters (diameter of of 40 m) have been placed both at the inlet and outlet on the sand-pack to prevent sand particles from blocking the tube line. The oil recovery was sand-pack to prevent sand particles from blocking the tube line. The oil recovery was commenced the injection formation water (i.e., four four wt. NaCl) for about three pore volumes commenced byby the injection formation water (i.e.,wt. NaCl) for about 3 pore volumes (PV) the trail of which crude oil was injected inside the sand-pack till no extra water was (PV) at at the trail of which crude oil was injected inside the sand-pack till no more water was developed in the outlet. The sand-pack was then aged overnight. developed from the outlet. The sand-pack was then aged overnight. The preflush was injected till the water cut reached around 98 99 . Si-NF was The preflush was injected until the water reduce reached around 98 99 . Si-NF was then injected for for 1 PV and followed2by 2 drive water, whose salinity was equal to that of then injected 1 PV and followed by PV PV drive water, whose salinity was equal for the preflush water. The The pressure drop the sand-pack was recorded making use of using a that of the preflush water.stress drop acrossacross the sand-pack was recordeda stress gauge gauge installed at the inlet. The fluids had been collected and have been stored in a micropressure installed in the inlet. The effluent effluent fluids were collected and have been stored in tube. It is worthis worth mentioningthe floodings were conducted at ambient ambient a microtube. It mentioning that all that each of the floodings have been conducted at conditions as well as the and flow rate of 0.5 cc/min. conditionssamethe identical flow price of 0.five cc/min.3. 3. Final results and Discussions Final results and Discussions three.1. Stability of of Nanofluid in Saline Environment three.1. Stability Nanofluid in Saline Environment three.1.1. Sedimentation Test 3.1.1. Sedimentation Test Figure 4 showed that all the Si-NF seemed steady inside the initial 24 h. Nevertheless, the Figure 4 showed that all of the Si-NF seemed stable in the initially 24 hrs. However, the Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER Overview 6 of 18 Si-NF began to precipitate from day 2, and also the quantity of sedimentation reached the Si-NF started to precipitate from day two, and the volume of sedimentation reached the maximum on day 3. maximum on day 3.0.4 wt. NaCl 0.five wt. NaCl 2 wt. NaCl 0 wt. NaClSedimentation (wt .)0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00Storage time, DayFigure 4. Impact of NaCl concentration on sedimentation. Figure 4. Effect of NaCl concentration on sedimentation.It was also noticed that the amount of NaCl triggered the increa.