Post-fire natural reference web pages, which had been previously forested stands. We chosen the reference internet sites, one per mining web page, as outlined by their proximity to the respective mine web pages plus the time because the last fire disturbance. Provided the very restricted quantity of reference sites fitting our criteria, our selected all-natural reference sites did not burn inside the identical years because the reclamation (2012 at Niobec and 2015 at Mont-Wright) within our experimental web-sites. Near the Niobec mine, our reference web page was a mixed forest stand that burned in 2007 (48 29 30.4 N, 71 00 53.three W), and also the Mont-Wright reference stand was a young black spruce forest that burned in 2007 (52 15 11.0 N, 67 41 27.5 W). 2.2. Experimental Design In the Niobec tailing storage facilities web page, we established, in 2012, a complete randomized block and factorial design (Ethyl Vanillate Epigenetics split-split-plot) with four replicates. We tested ten reclamation remedies involving combinations of organic amendments (topsoil or topsoil paper mill sludges (PMS) mixture) and revegetation with trees (larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall), red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton), a remedy together with the three mixed tree species (larch, paper birch, and red pine), as well as a control with out trees). In the Niobec web-site, a ten cm layer of topsoil was spread onto the tailings from an all-terrain vehicle (Caterpillar D10) and evened out over the ground. The vehicle operator also removed any large rocks found inside the topsoil. The topsoil had been excavated from a further area in the tailing facility and stockpiled for two years before its use. We split every single block (25 m 600 m) into two primary plots. Each plot was randomly attributed to one of two organic amendment therapies: (1) no application of amendment or (2) the application (and rototilling) of PMS (obtained from Resolute Forest Solutions, Jonqui e, Qu ec; see Table 1 for its chemical traits) at a price of 35 Mg(dry) a-1 . The PMS utilized contained an incredibly low concentration of heavy metals (analyses not shown), based on Canadian standards [48]. We, then, divided every single primary plot into five equal subplots (25 m 60 m) in which we PF-06873600 Cancer planted 40 to 60 cm-tall trees at a density of 2250 trees a-1 (2 2 m spacing). We chosen the tree species determined by 11 criteria, such as tolerance to drought, nutrient specifications, and expense (unpublished data), which had been created by Niobec, Inc. We randomly attributed one of 5 selected tree covers to every subplot. The tree cover was either (1) no trees planted; (2) Larix laricina; (3) Pinus resinosa (specimens of each Larix laricina and Pinus resinosa were obtained from the Normandin nursery with the Qu ec Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks); (4) Betula papyrifera (obtained in the Boucher nursery, St-Ambroise, Qu ec); (five) a mixture of all 3 tree species. We, then, seeded all plantation plots with clovers (Trifolium spp.) at a price of 50 kg a-1 . A clover treatment (with out tree) represents the business-as-usual reclamation situation in the Niobec web-site.Land 2021, 10,four ofTable 1. Chemical traits of amendments applied to reclaim tailing facilities at the Niobec and Mont-Wright tailing storage facilities. Internet site Amendments pH C:N ratio Total C (g g-1 ) Total N (g g-1 ) Total P (g g-1 ) Total K (g g-1 ) Niobec PMS 7.64 23.three 350.0 15.0 2.182 0.830 Mont-Wright Norco (Chicken Manure) eight.4 295.65 36.5 10.77 18.PMS 7.47 29 464 16.00 2.200 0.For the Mont-Wright web site, reclamation began on th.