Ate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and taper ratio (TR) were
Ate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and taper ratio (TR) were illustrated. The effect of surfactant on the Bafilomycin C1 Autophagy surface roughness and micro morphology of machined workpiece surface have been discussed. 2. Components and Procedures The effects of nano particle surfactant on micro EDM overall performance had been studied by conducting experiments working with deionized water added with numerous nano particle sur-Materials 2021, 14,three offactants as dielectric. The experiments were carried out primarily based on the precision micro EDM machine independently created by our team, as show in Figure 1. The servo feed system adopts a precise linear servo motor controlled by C863 controller produced by FAULHABER MICROMO LLC (Clearwater, USA). The travel distance of x-, y-, and z- axis is 100 mm, and the motion precision is 0.two . Spindle was rotating to ensure a stable machining state, the rotational speed was kept at 2000 rpm. The workpiece was optimistic, even though the tool electrode was damaging. A resistor apacitor circuit (RC circuit) was used to supply power for the micro EDM, the present limiting resistor was 500 , along with the capacitor was 1000 pF. The open-circuit voltage used in the experiments had been 70, 80, 90, one hundred, and 110 V. Deionized water mixed with nano particles TiO2 , Al2 O3 , or ZrO2 was utilized as dielectric. The nano particles had been bought from Zhuozhou Baize Trading Co., Ltd., Zhuozhou, China, plus the thermo-physical properties with the nano particles are listed in Table 1. The concentration in the powder in the deionized water is 0.15 g/L, which is exactly the same for every of them. Titanium alloy TC4 with thickness of 0.3 and 4 mm was adopted as the workpiece. The chemical composition on the workpiece material is shown in Table 2. A tungsten rod with diameter of 0.5 mm was adopted as the tool electrode for micro EDM drilling and milling. The feed depth of micro EDM drilling was 0.9 mm, and also the milling length of micro EDM was 1.5 mm.Figure 1. Picture of micro EDM machine tool. Table 1. The thermo-physical properties on the nano particles.Thermo-Physical Properties Powder Type TiO2 Al2 O3 ZrO2 Size/nm Density/g m-3 one hundred 300 30 four.26 3.9 5.89 Electrical Conductivity/s m-1 10-10 10-10 six.0 10-4 .3 10-2 Thermal Conductivity/W -1 K-1 1.7 7.2 2.Table two. Chemical composition of Titanium alloy TC4. Elements Composition Ti Allowance Fe C N H O Al 5.5.8 V three.five.0.0.0.0.0.Components 2021, 14,four ofThe surface roughness of your machined surface was measured by KEYENCE laser confocal microscope (VK-H2J100, KEYENCE Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The surface topography on the machined surface was observed applying scanning electron microscope (SEM, ULTRA PLUS, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). The elemental composition from the machined workpiece surface was detected by power WZ8040 supplier dispersive X-ray (EDX, ULTRA PLUS, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). To ensure the repeatability, every test was conducted at the very least three instances, as well as the typical worth was adopted because the result. 3. Outcomes and Discussions three.1. The Impact of Nano Particle Surfactant on MRR and TWR The evolution of MRR of micro EDM in dielectric mixed with different types of nano particle surfactant is shown in Figure 2a.Figure 2. The evolution of MRR and TWR of micro EDM in several dielectric. (a) MRR, (b) TWR.The hole drilled by micro EDM is usually regarded as a circular truncated cone, for that reason, the material removal volume is often calculated by the machining depth, the diameter of the entrance, and exit from the micro-hole. The volume of material removal can be obtained by the volume formula.