insulinresistance,anddyslipidemiainDMThephenomenon of decreased circulating active metabolites, though preserving typical clopidogrel have already been noted in sufferers with DM.41Moreover, added mechanisms influence clopidogrel resistance brought on by (Continues) the loss of sensitivity to insulin.rs11765845(CREB5)rs4607517(GCK,YKT6)rs6975024(YKT6,GCK)rs11085000(GNA11)8 of|ZHONG et al.AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S This research was supported by the Zhejiang Provincial All-natural Science Foundation of China (LY19H020003 and LY19H310002), the Plan of Science and Technology on Medicine and Wellness in Zhejiang Province (2019KY650), and also the Ningbo Wellness Branding SubjectFund(PPXK2018- 1). 0 C O N FL I C T O F I N T E R E S T The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T Alldataandmodelsgeneratedorusedduringthestudyareavailable inside a repository or on line in accordance with Kainate Receptor Antagonist custom synthesis funder information retention policies(ProvidefullcitationsthatincludeURLsorDOIs.) ORCID Jinyan Zhong Nan Zheng Jia Su Xiaomin Chen
International Journal ofMolecular SciencesArticleBiotransformation on the Phenolic Constituents from Licorice and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Their MetabolitesYina Xiao, Fubo Han and Ik-Soo Lee College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; yogurtxiao@163 (Y.X.); hanfubo0306@gmail (F.H.) Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-62-530-Abstract: Biotransformation of 4 bioactive phenolic constituents from licorice, namely licoisoflavanone (1), glycyrrhisoflavone (two), echinatin (three), and isobavachalcone (4), was performed by the chosen fungal strain Aspergillus niger KCCM 60332, leading to the isolation of seventeen metabolites (51). Structures from the isolated compounds had been determined on the basis of substantial spectroscopic methods, twelve of which (5, 107 and 19) happen to be previously undescribed. A series of reactions which includes hydroxylation, hydrogenation, epoxidation, hydrolysis, reduction, cyclization, and alkylation was observed within the biotransformation process. All compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activities against 3 different human cancer cell lines such as A375P, MCF-7, and HT-29. Compounds 1 and 12 exhibited most considerable cytotoxic activities against all the cell lines investigated, while compounds two and four have been moderately cytotoxic. These findings will contribute to expanding the chemical HDAC5 Inhibitor custom synthesis diversity of phenolic compounds, and compounds 1 and 12 may perhaps serve as leads for the improvement of prospective cancer chemopreventive agents.Citation: Xiao, Y.; Han, F.; Lee, I.-S. Biotransformation on the Phenolic Constituents from Licorice and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Their Metabolites. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10109. doi.org/10.3390/ ijms221810109 Academic Editors: Kate ina Valentovand r Vladim K en r Received: three September 2021 Accepted: 16 September 2021 Published: 18 SeptemberKeywords: biotransformation; licorice; phenolic compounds; cytotoxicity1. Introduction Biotransformation may be defined as a certain modification (or modifications) of a chemical compound to a item with structural similarity by suggests of biological catalysts. A biological catalyst is usually a complete microorganism or its enzyme, or other organisms [1]. Microorganisms can catalyze several reactions such as hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, methylation, and so on., to modify the chemical structure of a bioactive substrate resulting within the formation of metabolites which maintain the core structure with the substr