ance, endocrine, energy metabolism, digestive program, protein production, cytoplasmic translation, and regulation (Supplementary Components, Excels S3 and S4). The numbers of contracted gene households in genus clades within the phylogenetic tree had been higher than that the numbers of expanded genes. The numbers of contracted gene families in most species had been lower, except for two associated species of V. javana sp. 7 and sp. 2 and four taxa of Blastophaga (Figure 2a,b). For contracted gene households, the GO- and KEGG-enriched gene households in V. javana sp. 7 and sp. two were related to amino acid metabolism, 5-HT5 Receptor Storage & Stability signal transduction, energy metabolism or carbohydrate metabolism, and the nervous system, however the distinct gene households and metabolic pathways (and, indeed, the proteins that they make) have been different (Supplementary Materials, Excels S3 and S4). Four enzymes or gene households associated to protein synthesis (e.g., serine and threonine) enriched in KEGG were shared amongst B. sp.-F. abeli and B. sp.-F. pyriformis (Table 2; Supplementary Materials, Excel S4). Ribosome, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis-related genes at the same time as neurodegenerative disease-related genes had been shared in between B. sp.-F. formosa and B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana. No KEGG pathway was shared among the four taxa. 3.5. Contraction of Genes Involved in Chemosensory It has been reported that some chemosensory gene families in fig wasps have seasoned dramatic contractions in relation to other insects [6]. For that reason, we compared the numbers of genes in OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr families amongst fig wasps and also other insect species (Table 3; Figure 3a,b). The numbers for OBPs and CSPs inside the fig wasps were 65 (14.7 7.four) and 128 (19.five 6.6), while in other insects these figures wereInsects 2021, 12,11 of92 (30.7 21.2) and 91 (19 7.5); there were no considerable differences in OBP and CSP numbers when comparing fig wasps with other insects (t-test: t = -1.966, p = 0.094; t = 0.165, p = 0.870). The numbers of genes for Or, Ir and Gr households in fig wasps have been 208 (33.six 16.four), 62 (13.two 3.six), and 59 (ten.two 3.six), respectively, even though these from the other insects had been 9481 (298.three 214.five), 290 (40.0 12.0), and 3943 (57.7 35.1); there had been significantly reduce numbers of genes in every of these three sensory classes in fig wasps when compared to other insects (t = -3.262, p = 0.017; t = -5.86, p = 0.001; t = -4.931, p = 0.003).Table 3. Numbers of OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr genes among 25 fig wasps and 7 other insect species. Species Valisia javana sp. 7 V. javana sp. two V. javana sp. 8 V. esquirolianae V. javana sp. 1 V. medusa V. cf filippina V. malayana V. compacta V. sp.-F. langkokensis Platyscapa quadraticeps P. sp.-F. concinna P. sp.-F. rumphill Eupristina altissima Blastophaga sp.-F. abeli B. sp.-F. pyriformis B. sp.-F. formosa B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana B. sp.-F. variolosa Ceratosolen appendiculatus C. ACAT2 Compound fusciceps C. gravelyi C. solmsi C. constrictus Kradibia tentacularis Mean for 25 fig wasps SE Nasonia vitripennis Copidosoma floridanum Apis mellifera Polistes canadensis Acromyrmex echinatior Orussus abietinus Drosophila melanogaster Mean for seven other insects SE OBP 31 23 16 13 15 19 11 16 13 16 11 8 6 7 11 11 9 12 29 14 10 11 9 12 35 14.72 7.45 62 47 21 11 17 9 48 30.72 21.16 Or 33 45 27 38 30 30 21 21 21 20 26 23 20 73 22 20 27 30 27 78 63 43 47 34 22 33.64 16.39 474 186 343 181 681 94 129 298.29 214.51 CSP 38 26 16 14 16 24 24 28 14 23 16 23 15 16 20 13 14 14 24 19 16 12