Es (Wei et al., 2017; Tennessen et al., 2018). The translocation of the SDR cassette demonstrates a achievable way of sex chromosome turnover (Wei et al., 2017; Tennessen et al., 2018). Interestingly, only two protein-coding genes, GMEW (GDP-mannose three,5-epimerase 2, GME) and RPP0W (60S acidic ribosomal protein P0, RPP0), were located within this “cassette.” Nonetheless, it remains unclear how these candidate genes act in sex determination (Tennessen et al., 2018). Moreover, the SDR “cassette” could only manage male function, when BD1 site female function is controlled by a second locus (Spigler et al., 2008). In willow (Salix spp.), the SDR was identified on chromosome 15 with female heterogamety (ZW) in Salix viminalis (Pucholt et al., 2015), Salix suchowensis (Hou et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2016), Salix purpurea (Zhou et al., 2018), and Salix triandra (Li et al., 2020). A recent study revealed substantial palindromic structures around the W chromosome of S. purpurea and an ortholog of ARR17 (Salix purpurea RESPONSE REGULATOR 9, SpRR9) was recommended as a sturdy candidate gene for sex determination (Zhou et al., 2020a). In contrast, in a further species, Salix nigra, a somewhat little SDR (two Mb) was identified on chromosome 7 presenting a male heterogametic method (XY) (Sanderson et al., 2020). The underlying mechanisms for sex determination in Salix remain unclear; however, there’s a possibility of a shared mechanism of sex determination despite the dynamic turnover of sex chromosomes in Salicaceae species. Sex determination has also been investigated in Nepenthes pitcher plants (Scharmann et al., 2019). The species of this genus are all dioecious and carnivorous. Based on wild populations of males and females of 3 different species (Nepenthes pervillei, Nepenthes gracilis, and Nepenthes rafflesiana), data supporting a male heterogametic system (XY) were presented. Two expressed sex-linked genes have been identified: the homologs in the A. thaliana genes DYSFUNCTIONAL TAPETUM 1 (DYT1) and SEPALLATA 1 (SEP1); The first with crucial part in tapetum improvement and pollen fertility along with the second as a regulator of floral organidentity. The DYT1 gene functions inside the tapetum, equivalent for the male-promoting genes in kiwifruit and asparagus. This opens the possibility of sex determination by way of two genes, where DYT1 could function because the male-promoting issue. Silene latifolia, (white campion), is really a widely studied species plus a model for studying sex chromosome evolution. It presents heteromorphic sex chromosomes and a male heterogametic method (XY) (Blackburn, 1923; Bernasconi et al., 2009; Kejnovsky and Vyskot, 2010; Muyle et al., 2012). Through the years, many genes have already been discussed as prospective sex determining variables: S. latifolia X/Y-gene 1 (SIX/Y1), encoding a WD-repeat protein and most likely involved in cell proliferation and SlX/Y4, encoding a Bak review fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (Atanassov et al., 2001); the floral organ identity gene APETALA three (SlAP3) (Cegan et al., 2010), which can be especially involved within the improvement of androecia, and orthologs of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) (named SlSTM1 and SlSTM2) and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 1 (CUC1) and CUC2 (denoted as SlCUC) (Zluvova et al., 2006), both activators of cytokinin biosynthesis (Yang et al., 2019). The function of either of these genes remains to become tested. Current deletion mapping in Silene (Kazama et al., 2016) improved the locations from the sex-determining loci on the Y chromosome and could assist to determine candida.