Th dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, had increased anti-inflammatory capability in an LPSinduced endotoxemic mouse model compared with wild-typeApoA-I Cysteine Mutants and InflammationTable 1. Experimental groups used in the LPS and rHDL injection study.Group Saline LPS rHDLwt rHDL74 rHDLInjection 300 ml Physiologic saline LPS LPS/rHDLwt LPS/rHDL74 LPS/rHDLLPS (mg/ kg) 2 4 4 4rHDL(mg/kg) 2 2 80 80N 6 6 4 4doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051327.tapoA-I (apoA-Iwt) and apoA-IMilano, while rHDL228 showed hyper-proinflammation by exacerbating LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice [19]. In this study, we used the endotoxemic mouse model and the RAW264.7 inflammation model to further investigate the different effects of rHDL74 and rHDL228 on inflammation.Materials and Methods MaterialsLPS (from Escherichia coli 055:B5) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) were purchased from Sigma. The bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit, AN 3199 manufacturer Detoxi-GelTM endotoxin-removing gel, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and chemiluminescence reagents were purchased from Pierce. ELISA kits were purchased from R D. Male BALB/c mice (18?0 g) were purchased from the laboratory animal department of Peking Union Medical College. RAW 264.7 macrophages were purchased from ATCC. DMEM was purchased from HyClone. A polyclonal antibody against NF-kB p65 was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Two-Step IHC Detection Reagents were purchased from Zhongshan Goldenbridge Biotechnology Company. The antibodies used in western blot analysis, including anti-phospho-Erk1/2, antiErk1/2, anti-phospho-p38 MAP kinase, anti-p38 MAP kinase, anti-phospho-Jnk, and anti-Jnk, were purchased from Cell Signaling, and anti-beta-actin was purchased from Sigma. All animal experiments were approved by the animal care committee of the Affiliated MedChemExpress 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University.Preparation of Recombinant HDLsThe expression, purification, and endotoxin removal of recombinant proteins, including apoA-Iwt, apoA-I (N74C), and apoA-I (N228C), and the construction of recombinant HDLs were performed as described previously [18,19]. The purified proteins were lyophilized and stored at 270uC.Treatment of Septic Mice with Different Recombinant HDLsThe treatment of the in vivo LPS-induced endotoxemic mouse model with different rHDLs was performed as previously described [5,20]. The animals were divided into 5 experimental groups as shown in Table 1, where N denotes the number of animals in each group. Two control groups were used in this study: an LPS group, in which mice received only LPS by tail vein injection (4 mg/kg) to induce endotoxemia; and a saline group, in which mice received only 300 ml of physiologic saline as a control.Figure 1. CRP, MCP-1 and CD14 levels at 24 h after LPS injection. Control: without any treatment. LPS, rHDLwt, rHDL74 and rHDL228 represent the groups that were treated with LPS, LPS+rHDLwt, LPS+rHDL74 and LPS+rHDL228, respectively. Compared with the LPS group, mice 1379592 treated with rHDL74 showed significantly decreased levels of CRP, MCP-1 and CD14. However, mice receiving rHDL228 exhibited higher levels of these factors. In addition, compared with rHDLwt, rHDL74 significantly reduced the level of CRP and MCP-1. To confirm our experimental results, we performed three independent experiments. A: Levels of CRP. B: Levels of MCP-1. C: Levels of CD14. *P,0.05 vs. control; #P,0.05 vs. LPS; YP,0.05 vs. rHDLwt. Error bars indicate the SD. doi:10.1371/journal.Th dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, had increased anti-inflammatory capability in an LPSinduced endotoxemic mouse model compared with wild-typeApoA-I Cysteine Mutants and InflammationTable 1. Experimental groups used in the LPS and rHDL injection study.Group Saline LPS rHDLwt rHDL74 rHDLInjection 300 ml Physiologic saline LPS LPS/rHDLwt LPS/rHDL74 LPS/rHDLLPS (mg/ kg) 2 4 4 4rHDL(mg/kg) 2 2 80 80N 6 6 4 4doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051327.tapoA-I (apoA-Iwt) and apoA-IMilano, while rHDL228 showed hyper-proinflammation by exacerbating LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice [19]. In this study, we used the endotoxemic mouse model and the RAW264.7 inflammation model to further investigate the different effects of rHDL74 and rHDL228 on inflammation.Materials and Methods MaterialsLPS (from Escherichia coli 055:B5) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) were purchased from Sigma. The bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit, Detoxi-GelTM endotoxin-removing gel, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and chemiluminescence reagents were purchased from Pierce. ELISA kits were purchased from R D. Male BALB/c mice (18?0 g) were purchased from the laboratory animal department of Peking Union Medical College. RAW 264.7 macrophages were purchased from ATCC. DMEM was purchased from HyClone. A polyclonal antibody against NF-kB p65 was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Two-Step IHC Detection Reagents were purchased from Zhongshan Goldenbridge Biotechnology Company. The antibodies used in western blot analysis, including anti-phospho-Erk1/2, antiErk1/2, anti-phospho-p38 MAP kinase, anti-p38 MAP kinase, anti-phospho-Jnk, and anti-Jnk, were purchased from Cell Signaling, and anti-beta-actin was purchased from Sigma. All animal experiments were approved by the animal care committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University.Preparation of Recombinant HDLsThe expression, purification, and endotoxin removal of recombinant proteins, including apoA-Iwt, apoA-I (N74C), and apoA-I (N228C), and the construction of recombinant HDLs were performed as described previously [18,19]. The purified proteins were lyophilized and stored at 270uC.Treatment of Septic Mice with Different Recombinant HDLsThe treatment of the in vivo LPS-induced endotoxemic mouse model with different rHDLs was performed as previously described [5,20]. The animals were divided into 5 experimental groups as shown in Table 1, where N denotes the number of animals in each group. Two control groups were used in this study: an LPS group, in which mice received only LPS by tail vein injection (4 mg/kg) to induce endotoxemia; and a saline group, in which mice received only 300 ml of physiologic saline as a control.Figure 1. CRP, MCP-1 and CD14 levels at 24 h after LPS injection. Control: without any treatment. LPS, rHDLwt, rHDL74 and rHDL228 represent the groups that were treated with LPS, LPS+rHDLwt, LPS+rHDL74 and LPS+rHDL228, respectively. Compared with the LPS group, mice 1379592 treated with rHDL74 showed significantly decreased levels of CRP, MCP-1 and CD14. However, mice receiving rHDL228 exhibited higher levels of these factors. In addition, compared with rHDLwt, rHDL74 significantly reduced the level of CRP and MCP-1. To confirm our experimental results, we performed three independent experiments. A: Levels of CRP. B: Levels of MCP-1. C: Levels of CD14. *P,0.05 vs. control; #P,0.05 vs. LPS; YP,0.05 vs. rHDLwt. Error bars indicate the SD. doi:10.1371/journal.