Ion analysis for severe cases from Zhejiang Province, 2008?012. (DOC) S2 Table. The scanning results of space-time cluster analysis for severe cases from Zhejiang Province, 2008?012. (DOC)AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank colleagues in the Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention for collecting and managing the data of notified hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Zhejiang Province.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: CD HG HL. Performed the experiments: HL. Analyzed the data: CD JG ZL TZ QH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HG HL ZJ BC. Wrote s11606-015-3271-0 the paper: CD HG HL JG ZL.
Co-rumination involves the tendency to engage with another person in BKT140 biological activity extensive, negatively focused discussions in which one’s reactions to ongoing problems are repeated and rehashed [1]. For instance, friends may repeatedly discuss a fight between a girl and her boyfriend, dissecting the exchange from every angle and dwelling on the negative implications and feelings triggered by it. In a similar fashion, co-ruminating peers may actively encourage one another to continue talking, rehashing, speculating about, and dwelling on a perceived slight from a peer, such as not being invited to a party.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0140177 October 21,1 /Maladaptive Schemas as Mediators of Co-Rumination and Depression LinkCo-rumination as a Risk Factor for Psychosocial DistressAlthough co-rumination has been linked to positive perceptions of friendship quality in youths [1,2], it also has been associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms [1?]. Most recent studies have investigated specific forms of co-rumination and their associations with internalizing symptoms [5?]. However, the literature on co-rumination has begun to illuminate contexts and conditions that drive and/or exacerbate its association with psychosocial distress. For instance, it appears that exposure to interpersonal stress can shape the implications of co-ruminative behavior for mental health [5,8,10]. The salient role of interpersonal stress has been reinforced by Nicolai, Laney, and Mezulis [11], who found that co-rumination about interpersonal stressors, but not other types of stressors, was associated with depression. Several other studies have attempted to clarify how co-ruminative content is associated with specific aspects of well-being. For example, Starr and Davila [6] found a significant association between co-rumination and increased depression among adolescent girls when co-rumination focused on a potentially distressing topic, such as adolescent romantic experiences. Moreover, adolescents who experience high levels of social anxiety have been found to be more likely to engage in co-ruminative discussions about social events and their social performance with their best friend [11,12], suggesting that social cues concerning others’ perceptions may serve as triggers for co-rumination.Co-rumination, Cognitive Processes, and Depressed MoodAlthough the precise mechanisms through which co-rumination increases srep39151 psychological risk are not known, cognitive Lurbinectedin web Processes may be fruitful targets of investigation. Unfortunately, few studies have addressed underlying maladaptive cognitive processes that may account for the relationship of co-rumination with depression symptoms. Beck [13] noted that the origin of depression might be at the schematic level of cognition, and Young [14] revised the schema concept, emphasizing early maladaptive sc.Ion analysis for severe cases from Zhejiang Province, 2008?012. (DOC) S2 Table. The scanning results of space-time cluster analysis for severe cases from Zhejiang Province, 2008?012. (DOC)AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank colleagues in the Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention for collecting and managing the data of notified hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Zhejiang Province.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: CD HG HL. Performed the experiments: HL. Analyzed the data: CD JG ZL TZ QH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HG HL ZJ BC. Wrote s11606-015-3271-0 the paper: CD HG HL JG ZL.
Co-rumination involves the tendency to engage with another person in extensive, negatively focused discussions in which one’s reactions to ongoing problems are repeated and rehashed [1]. For instance, friends may repeatedly discuss a fight between a girl and her boyfriend, dissecting the exchange from every angle and dwelling on the negative implications and feelings triggered by it. In a similar fashion, co-ruminating peers may actively encourage one another to continue talking, rehashing, speculating about, and dwelling on a perceived slight from a peer, such as not being invited to a party.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0140177 October 21,1 /Maladaptive Schemas as Mediators of Co-Rumination and Depression LinkCo-rumination as a Risk Factor for Psychosocial DistressAlthough co-rumination has been linked to positive perceptions of friendship quality in youths [1,2], it also has been associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms [1?]. Most recent studies have investigated specific forms of co-rumination and their associations with internalizing symptoms [5?]. However, the literature on co-rumination has begun to illuminate contexts and conditions that drive and/or exacerbate its association with psychosocial distress. For instance, it appears that exposure to interpersonal stress can shape the implications of co-ruminative behavior for mental health [5,8,10]. The salient role of interpersonal stress has been reinforced by Nicolai, Laney, and Mezulis [11], who found that co-rumination about interpersonal stressors, but not other types of stressors, was associated with depression. Several other studies have attempted to clarify how co-ruminative content is associated with specific aspects of well-being. For example, Starr and Davila [6] found a significant association between co-rumination and increased depression among adolescent girls when co-rumination focused on a potentially distressing topic, such as adolescent romantic experiences. Moreover, adolescents who experience high levels of social anxiety have been found to be more likely to engage in co-ruminative discussions about social events and their social performance with their best friend [11,12], suggesting that social cues concerning others’ perceptions may serve as triggers for co-rumination.Co-rumination, Cognitive Processes, and Depressed MoodAlthough the precise mechanisms through which co-rumination increases srep39151 psychological risk are not known, cognitive processes may be fruitful targets of investigation. Unfortunately, few studies have addressed underlying maladaptive cognitive processes that may account for the relationship of co-rumination with depression symptoms. Beck [13] noted that the origin of depression might be at the schematic level of cognition, and Young [14] revised the schema concept, emphasizing early maladaptive sc.